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declarations of trust, which were created at different times in the past and differ from each other in several ways. The Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust will benefit the affected funds by harmonizing the terms of these governing documents, eliminating the inefficiencies inherent in operating under a variety of declarations of trust, allowing increased flexibility in the operation of your fund, modernizing and streamlining governance provisions, reducing the risks and costs of potential litigation and eliminating certain ambiguities and inconsistencies.

4. Other Matters.Shareholders of three funds are being asked to approve changes to certain investment policies designed to conform their operations with those of other Putnam funds.

Detailed information regarding these proposals may be found in the enclosed proxy statement.

Please vote today

We encourage you to sign and return your proxy card today or, alternatively, to vote online or by telephone using the voting control number that appears on your proxy card. Delaying your vote will increase fund expenses if further mailings are required. Your shares will be voted on your behalf exactly as you have instructed.If you sign the proxy card without specifying your vote, your shares will be voted in accordance with the Trustees’ recommendations.

Your vote is extremely important. If you have questions, please call toll-free 1-866-963-5821 or contact your financial advisor.

Table of Contents

PROXY CARD(S) ENCLOSED

If you have any questions, please call toll-free [[ ]]1-866-963-5821 or call your financial advisor.

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for the Special Shareholder Meeting to be Held on February 27, 2014.

The proxy statement is available at [[https:// ]]www.proxy-direct.com/put-25215.

Notice of a Special Meeting
of Shareholders

To the Shareholders of:

PUTNAM AMERICAN GOVERNMENT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM ARIZONA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM ASSET ALLOCATION FUNDS
PUTNAM DYNAMIC ASSET ALLOCATION
BALANCED FUND
PUTNAM DYNAMIC ASSET ALLOCATION
CONSERVATIVE FUND
PUTNAM DYNAMIC ASSET ALLOCATION GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES FUND
PUTNAM DIVERSIFIED INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM EQUITY INCOME FUND
PUTNAM EUROPE EQUITY FUND
THE PUTNAM FUND FOR GROWTH AND INCOME
PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST
PUTNAM ABSOLUTE RETURN 100 FUND
PUTNAM ABSOLUTE RETURN 300 FUND
PUTNAM ABSOLUTE RETURN 500 FUND
PUTNAM ABSOLUTE RETURN 700 FUND
PUTNAM ASIA PACIFIC EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM CAPITAL SPECTRUM FUND
PUTNAM DYNAMIC ASSET ALLOCATION EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM DYNAMIC RISK ALLOCATION FUND
PUTNAM EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
PUTNAM EQUITY SPECTRUM FUND
PUTNAM FLOATING RATE INCOME FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL CONSUMER FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL DIVIDEND FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL ENERGY FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL FINANCIALS FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL INDUSTRIALS FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL SECTOR FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS FUND
PUTNAM INTERMEDIATE-TERM MUNICIPAL INCOME FUND
PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL VALUE FUND
PUTNAM LOW VOLATILITY EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM MONEY MARKET LIQUIDITY FUND
PUTNAM MULTI-CAP CORE FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENT INCOME FUND LIFESTYLE 2
PUTNAM RETIREMENT INCOME FUND LIFESTYLE 3
PUTNAM SHORT DURATION INCOME FUND
PUTNAM SHORT TERM INVESTMENT FUND
PUTNAM SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL INCOME FUND
PUTNAM SMALL CAP GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM STRATEGIC VOLATILITY EQUITY FUND
THE GEORGE PUTNAM FUND OF BOSTON (d/b/a GEORGE
PUTNAM BALANCED FUND)

PUTNAM GLOBAL EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL HEALTH CARE FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM GLOBAL NATURAL RESOURCES FUND
PUTNAM GLOBAL UTILITIES FUND
PUTNAM HIGH INCOME SECURITIES FUND*
PUTNAM HIGH YIELD ADVANTAGE FUND
PUTNAM HIGH YIELD TRUST
PUTNAM INCOME FUND
PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM INVESTMENT FUNDS
PUTNAM CAPITAL OPPORTUNITIES FUND
PUTNAM GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES FUND
PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
OPPORTUNITIES FUND
PUTNAM INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM MULTI-CAP VALUE FUND
PUTNAM RESEARCH FUND
PUTNAM SMALL CAP VALUE FUND
PUTNAM INVESTORS FUND
PUTNAM MANAGED MUNICIPAL INCOME TRUST*
PUTNAM MASSACHUSETTS TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM MASTER INTERMEDIATE INCOME TRUST*
PUTNAM MUNICIPAL OPPORTUNITIES TRUST*
PUTNAM MICHIGAN TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM MINNESOTA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM MONEY MARKET FUND
PUTNAM MULTI-CAP GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM NEW JERSEY TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM NEW YORK TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM OHIO TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM PENNSYLVANIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM PREMIER INCOME TRUST*
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY FUNDS
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2055 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2050 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2045 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2040 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2035 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2030 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2025 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2020 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENTREADY 2015 FUND
PUTNAM RETIREMENT INCOME FUND LIFESTYLE 1
PUTNAM TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
PUTNAM TAX-FREE INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM AMT-FREE MUNICIPAL FUND
PUTNAM TAX-FREE HIGH YIELD FUND
PUTNAM U.S. GOVERNMENT INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM VARIABLE TRUST
PUTNAM VT ABSOLUTE RETURN 500 FUND
PUTNAM VT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT INCOME FUND

PUTNAM VT CAPITAL OPPORTUNITIES FUND
PUTNAM VT DIVERSIFIED INCOME FUND
PUTNAM VT EQUITY INCOME FUND
PUTNAM VT GEORGE PUTNAM BALANCED FUND
PUTNAM VT GLOBAL ASSET ALLOCATION FUND
PUTNAM VT GLOBAL EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM VT GLOBAL HEALTH CARE FUND
PUTNAM VT GLOBAL UTILITIES FUND
PUTNAM VT GROWTH AND INCOME FUND
PUTNAM VT GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES FUND
PUTNAM VT HIGH YIELD FUND
PUTNAM VT INCOME FUND
PUTNAM VT INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND
PUTNAM VT INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM VT INTERNATIONAL VALUE FUND
PUTNAM VT INVESTORS FUND
PUTNAM VT MONEY MARKET FUND

PUTNAM VT MULTI-CAP GROWTH FUND
PUTNAM VT MULTI-CAP VALUE FUND
PUTNAM VT RESEARCH FUND
PUTNAM VT SMALL CAP VALUE FUND
PUTNAM VT VOYAGER FUND
PUTNAM VOYAGER FUND

* Denotes closed-end funds; all other funds are open-end funds

This is the formal agenda for your fund’s special shareholder meeting. It tells you what proposals will be voted on and the time and place of the special meeting, in the event you attend in person.

A special meeting of Shareholdersshareholders of your fund will be held on February 27, 2014 at 11:00 a.m., Boston time, at the principal offices of the funds, One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachu-settsMassachusetts 02109, to consider the following proposals, in each case as applicable to the particular funds listed in the table below:

By Michael J. Higgins, Clerk, and by the Trustees

Jameson A. Baxter, Chair

Liaquat Ahamed
Ravi Akhoury
Barbara M. Baumann
Charles B. Curtis
Robert J. Darretta
Katinka Domotorffy
John A. Hill
Paul L. Joskow
Kenneth R. Leibler
Robert E. Patterson
George Putnam, III
Robert L. Reynolds
W. Thomas Stephens

In order for you to be represented at your fund’s special shareholder meeting, we urge you to record your voting instructions over the Internet or by telephone or to mark, sign, date, and mail the enclosed proxy card(s) in the postage-paid envelope provided.

December 23, 2013

Proxy Statement

This document gives you the information you need to vote on the proposals. Much of the information is required under rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission; some of it is technical. If there is anything you don’t understand, please call our proxy information line at _____________toll-free 1-866-963-5821 or call your financial advisor.

Why has a special meeting of shareholders been called?

The Investment Company Act of 1940, Act,as amended (the “1940 Act”), which regulates investment companies such as your fund, requires management contracts to terminate automatically upon an “assignment” of the contract, which includes a “change of control” affecting an investment company’s investment adviser. Until his death on October 8, 2013, The Honourable Paul G. Desmarais, directly and through holding companies controlled by him, controlled a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada, the ultimate parent company of Putnam Management, your fund’s investment adviser. Upon Mr. Desmarais’ death, voting control over Power Corporation of Canada shares was transferred to The Desma-raisDesmarais Family Residuary Trust. Throughout this proxy statement, this transfer of voting control of Power Corporation of Canada shares is referred to as the “Transfer.” Because Putnam Management is indirectly controlled by Power Corporation of Canada, the Transfer may have resulted in a change of control of Putnam Management and an assignment of your fund’s management contract within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940 as amended (the “1940 Act”).Act. This means that, even though the Transfer will not have any impact on the operations of Putnam Management, it is possible that your fund’s management contract with Putnam Management terminated automatically upon the Transfer. To eliminate any ambiguity as to the effectiveness of your fund’s management contract, a special meeting of shareholders has been called so that shareholders may approve a new management contract with Putnam Management to allow Putnam Management to continue as your fund’s investment adviser.

Will the Transfer affect Putnam Management?

The Transfer will not have any effect on the operations of Putnam Management or your fund.

Does the proposed new management contract differ from your fund’s current management contract?

The proposed new management contract is identical to your fund’s current management contract, except for its effective date and initial term and other non-substantive changes. There will be no change in the services that your fund will receive or to the fees and costs that your fund will bear.

What other proposals are being presented to shareholders at the special meeting?

In addition to being asked to approve a new management contract with Putnam Management, youshareholders of all open-end Putnam funds are being asked to vote for the election of trusteesTrustees and to authorize the Trustees to adopt an Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust for your fund. Shareholders of Putnam DynamicPutnamDynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund are also being asked to approve an amendment to that fund’s fundamental investment restriction with respect to commodities, and shareholders of Putnam Global Consumer Fund and Putnam Global Financials Fund are also being asked to approve an amendment to those funds’ fundamental investment policies with respect to diversification of investments.

Who is asking for your vote?

The enclosed proxy is solicited by the Trustees of the Putnam funds for use at the special meeting of shareholders of each fund to be held on Thursday, February 27, 2014 and, if your fund’s meeting is adjourned, at any later meetings, for the purposes stated in the Notice of a Special Meeting (see previous pages). The Notice of a Special Meeting, the proxy card and this proxy statement are being mailed beginning on or about December 23, 2013.

How do your fund’s Trustees recommend that shareholders vote on the proposals?

The Trustees unanimously recommend that you voteFOReach proposal.

Please see the table beginning on page [ ] for a list of the affected funds for each proposal.

Who is eligible to vote?

Shareholders of record of each fund at the close of business on Monday, December 2, 2013 (the “Record Date”) are entitled to be present and to vote at the special meeting or any adjournment.

The number of shares of each fund outstanding on the Record Date is shown inAppendix A. Each share is entitled to one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionately. Shares represented by your duly executed proxy card will be voted in accordance with your instructions. If you sign and return the proxy card but don’t fill in a vote, your shares will be voted in accordance with the Trustees’ recommendations. If any other business comes before your fund’s special meeting, your shares will be voted at the discretion of the persons designated on the proxy card.

Shareholders of each fund vote separately with respect to the proposal to approve a new management contract and the proposed changes in investment policies. Shareholders of all series of a trust vote together with respect to the other proposals. The name of each trust is indicated in bold in the Notice of a Special Meeting of Shareholders on pages 1 and 2, with the funds that are series of that trust appearing below its name. The outcome of a vote affecting one fund does not affect any other fund, except where series of a trust vote together as a single class. No proposal is contingent upon the outcome of any other proposal.

October 8, 2013, The Honourable Paul G. Desmarais controlled a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada, directly and through holding companies that he controlled.

Since 1996, Mr. Desmarais’ two sons, Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais, have managed the day-to-day affairs of Power Corporation of Canada, serving as Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer and President and Co-Chief Executive Officer, respectively. Until his death, The Honourable Paul G. Desmarais served as Director of Power Corporation of Canada and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors. He also served as Director of Power Financial Corporation, a majority-owned subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada, and continued to exercise voting control over a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada. However, he did not participate actively in the management or affairs of Putnam Investments, LLC, the parent company of Putnam Management (“Putnam Investments”). Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais, in addition to their executive roles at Power Corporation of Canada, are active members of the Boards of Directors of numerous subsidiaries of Power Corporation of Canada, including Putnam Investments.

Following Mr. Desmarais’ death, voting control of the shares of Power Corporation of Canada that he owned directly and controlled indirectly was transferred to The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, a trust established pursuant to the Last Will and Testament of The Honourable Paul G. Desmarais. (This transfer of voting control of Power Corporation of Canada shares is referred to as the “Transfer” throughout this proxy statement.) There are five trustees of The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, consisting of Mr. Desmarais’ two sons, Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais, his widow, Jacqueline Desmarais, and Guy Fortin and Michel Plessis-Bélair. TheUnder the terms of the trust, the family member trustees (or the family member successor trustees) effectively determine how the shares of Power Corporation of Canada owned or controlled by The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust will be voted. As a practical matter, it is generally expected that, while they serve as trustees, Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais will exercise, jointly, voting control over the Power Corporation of Canada shares owned or controlled by the trust.

The trustees have the responsibility to manage the affairs of The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, which include managing the trust property, distributing income to its designated beneficiaries, voting the shares of Power Corporation of Canada owned or controlled by the trust, and complying with the terms of the trust more generally. The family member trustees determine who will replace any of the trustees, provided that the family member trustees must be replaced with members of the Desmarais family and that the non-family member trustees must be replaced with non-family members. The ultimate beneficiaries of the principal of the trust, including any shares of Power Corporation of Canada owned by The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, will be determined only upon the occurrence of future events, though it is generally contemplated that current and future members of the Desmarais family will be the ultimate beneficiaries.

The Transfer has not impacted the ownership of any of the companies owned, directly or indirectly, by Power CorporationofCorporation of Canada. As indicated in the accompanying chart, Power Corporation of Canada continues to own a majority of the voting shares of Power Financial Corporation, which in turn owns a majority of the voting shares of Great-West Lifeco Inc. All of the voting shares of Putnam Investments are owned by Great-West Lifeco Inc. Putnam Investments, through a series of wholly-owned holding companies, is the sole owner of Putnam Management. The address of The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust is 759 Victoria Square, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2J7. The address of Power Corporation of Canada and Power Financial Corporation is 751 Victoria Square, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2J3. The address of Great-West Lifeco Inc. is 100 Osborne Street North, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3A5. The address of Putnam Investments and Putnam Management is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.

Representatives of Power Corporation of Canada, Power Financial Corporation, and Great-West Lifeco have confirmed that the Transfer will not impact Putnam Investments’ operations. Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais, who as trustees of The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust are expected to determine how to vote the shares of Power Corporation of Canada that are controlled by the trust, continue to serve as Co-Chief Executive Officers of Power Corporation of Canada and as Directors of Putnam Investments. In these roles, they will continue to oversee the operations and affairs of Power Corporation of Canada and its subsidiary companies, including Putnam Investments. Putnam Investments will continue to operate as a separate business unit within the Power Corporation of Canada group of companies, overseen by its separate Board of Directors, and will retain its existing management team. There are no current plans to make any changes to the operations of the funds as a result of the Transfer. In particular, the funds have been advised that there are no current plans to make changes with respect to existing management fees, expense limitations, distribution arrangements, or the quality of any services provided to the funds or their shareholders as a result of the Transfer. In addition, the Putnam brand, Putnam Investments’ current business strategy and Putnam Management’s investment management philosophy will not change as a result of the Transfer and there will not be any disruption or change for fund shareholders or the Putnam organization.

Although the Transfer is unrelated to, and will not have any impact on, the operations of Putnam Management and your fund, it is possible that the Transfer, as a technical matter under the 1940 Act, constitutes a “change of control” of Putnam Management. Under the 1940 Act, which regulates investment companies such as the Putnam funds, investment advisory contracts are required to terminate automatically when there is a change of control of the investment adviser. Fund shareholders must then approve new investment advisory contracts so that the fund may continue to receive advisory services.

The Interim Management Contracts

Each of the Putnam funds’ management contracts with Putnam Management terminates automatically in the event of an “assignment.” In light of the possibility that the Transfer constituted a change of control of Putnam Management and therefore an assignment of your fund’s management contract, Putnam Management is currently providing services to your fund under an interim management contract.

Rule 15a-4 under the 1940 Act allows an investment company to enter into an interim management contract with a maximum term of 150 days without first obtaining shareholder approval, so that the investment company may receive investment management services without interruption following an assignment of a previous management contract. Shortly after Mr. Desmarais’ death, the Putnam funds’ Board of Trustees met in person on October 18, 2013 and approved interim management contracts for each of the Putnam funds, effective as of October 8, 2013.Consistent with the 1940 Act and Rule 15a-4 thereunder, each interim management contract will continue in effect until the earlier to occur of (i) approval by a “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” as defined in the 1940 Act, of a new management contract and (ii) March 7, 2014, which is the 150th day after October 8, 2013, unless the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff permit the contract to remain in effect for a longer period. Each fund’s interim management contract is identical to the contract it replaced, except for its date and the provisions regarding the term of the contract and for certain non-substantive changes.

The Proposed New Management Contract; Comparison with your Fund’s Prior Management Contract

To eliminate any ambiguity as to the status of your fund’s management contract, the Trustees have concluded that it is in the best interests of your fund’s shareholders to call a special meeting so that shareholders may approve a new management contract with Putnam Management and Putnam Management can continue as your fund’s investment adviser. At an in-person meeting on November 21 and 22, 2013, the Trustees unanimously approved, and recommend to the shareholders of each fund that they approve, a new management contract between each fund and Putnam Management. The form of the proposed new management contract for your fund is attached atAppendix B. You should refer toAppendix Bfor the complete terms of your fund’s proposed management contract.

The terms of the proposed new management contract (described generally below) are identical to those of the previous management contract except for the effective dates and initial term and for certain non-substantive changes. The date of each fund’s previous management contract, the date on which it was last submitted to a vote of shareholders, and the purpose of the submission is set forth inAppendix C.

Fees.There is no change in the rate of the fees that the funds will pay Putnam Management under the proposed new management contracts. The current fee schedule for investment management services and administrative services for each fund is set forth inAppendix D. The actual fees paid by some funds are subject to expense limitations, which are unaffected by the Transfer.

Investment Management Services.The proposed new management contract for your fund provides that Putnam Management will furnish continuously an investment program for the fund, determining what investments to purchase, hold, sell or exchange and what portion of the fund’s assets will be held uninvested, in compliance with the fund’s governing documents, investment objectives, policies and restrictions, and subject to the oversight and control of the Trustees. As indicated above, Putnam Management’s responsibilities under the proposed new management contract are identical to those under both the previous management contract and the current interim management contract.

Putnam Management is authorized under the proposed new management contract to place orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for your fund with brokers or dealers that Putnam Management selects. Putnam Management must select brokers and dealers, and place orders, using its best efforts to obtain for the funds the most favorable price and execution available, except that Putnam Management may pay higher brokerage commissions if it determines in good faith that the commission is reasonable in relation to the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer (a practice commonly known as “soft dollars”). Putnam Management may make this determination in terms of either the particular transaction or Putnam Management’s overall responsibilities with respect to a fund and to other clients of Putnam Management for which Putnam Management exercises investment discretion. Putnam Management’s use of soft dollars is subject to policies established by the Trustees from time to time and applicable guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Delegation of Responsibilities.The proposed new management contract for your fund expressly provides that Putnam Management may, in its discretion and with the approval of the Trustees (including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons”) and, if required, the approval of shareholders, delegate responsibilities under the contract to one or more sub-advisers or sub-administrators. The separate costs of employing any sub-adviser or sub-administrator must be borne by Putnam Management or the sub-adviser or sub-administrator, not by the fund. Putnam Management is responsible for overseeing the performance of any sub-adviser or sub-administrator and remains fully responsible to the fund under the proposed new management contract regardless of whether it delegates any responsibilities.

At present, Putnam Management has delegated certain responsibilities to affiliated sub-advisers, as described below under the heading “Sub-Adviser Arrangements.” The sub-management and sub-advisory contracts governing these arrangements, like the management contracts, terminate upon a change of control of Putnam Management. In connection with their approval of the interim management contracts, the Trustees approved the continuance of the existing sub-management and sub-advisory contracts with these sub-advisers at their in-person meeting held on October 18, 2013. If your fund’s shareholders approve the proposed new management contract, pursuant to the new management contract, Putnam Management will enter into equivalent sub-management and sub-advisory contracts with these affiliated sub-advisers, effective at the time the new management contract becomes effective. See “Sub-Adviser Arrangements” below for a description of the sub-advisers, and seeAppendix Efor copies of the current sub-management and sub-advisory contracts. The new sub-management and sub-advisory contracts will be identical to the current sub-management and sub-advisory contracts except for theireffective dates and initial term. Consistent with current law and interpretations of the Securities and Exchange Commission staff, it is not necessary for shareholders to approve the sub-management and sub-advisory contracts. (Shareholder approval would be required were Putnam Management to delegate any of its advisory responsibilities to advisers that are not subsidiaries of Putnam Investments.) Shareholders should be aware that a vote to approve your fund’s new management contract will have the effect of voting for the continuation of these arrangements.

Administrative Services.Like the previous management contract and the current interim management contract, the proposed new management contract provides that Putnam Management will manage, supervise and conduct the other (i.e., non-investment) affairs and business of each fund and incidental matters. These administrative services include providing suitable office space for the fund and administrative facilities, such as bookkeeping, clerical personnel and equipment necessary for the efficient conduct of the fund’s affairs, including determination of the net asset value of the fund, but excluding shareholder accounting services.

Putnam Management has delegated certain administrative, pricing and bookkeeping services to State Street Bank and Trust Company. This delegation was not affected by the Transfer.

Expenses.Like the previous management contract and the current interim management contract, the proposed new management contract requires Putnam Management to bear the expenses associated with (i) furnishing all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties faithfully, (ii) providing suitable office space for each fund and (iii) providing administrative services. TheLike the previous and interim management contracts, the proposed new management contract also provides that the fund will pay the fees of its Trustees and will reimburse Putnam Management for compensation paid to officers and persons assisting officers of the fund, and all or part of the cost of suitable office space, utilities, support services and equipment used by such officers and persons, as the Trustees may determine. Under this provision, the fund will bear the costs of the Trustees’ independent staff, which assists the Trustees in overseeing each of the funds.

Term and Termination.If approved by shareholders of your fund, the proposed new management contract will become effective upon its execution and will remain in effect continuously, unless terminated under the termination provisions of the contract. Like the previous management contract and the current interim management contract, the proposed new management contract provides that the management contract may be terminated at any time, by either Putnam Management or the fund by not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party and without the payment of any penalty by Putnam Management or the fund. A fund may effect termination by vote of a majority of its Trustees or by the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting

outstanding voting securities” of the fund, as defined in the 1940 Act. The proposed new management contract also will terminate automatically in the event of its “assignment.”

The proposed new management contract will, unless terminated as described above, continue until June 30, 2014 and will continue in effect from year to year thereafter so long as its continuance is approved at least annually by (i) the Trustees of the fund or the shareholders by the affirmative vote of a majority“majority of the outstanding sharesvoting securities” of the fund, as defined in the 1940 Act, and (ii) a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the fund or of Putnam Management, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.

Limitation of Liability.Under the proposed new management contract, Putnam Management is not liable to a fund or to any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of, or connected with, rendering services under the proposed management contract, unless there is willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of Putnam Management or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the proposed management contract.

As required under each fund’s Declaration of Trust, the proposed new management contract contains a notice provision stating that the fund’s Declaration of Trust is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and that the proposed management contract is executed on behalf of the Trustees as Trustees of the fund and not individually. Also, the fund’s obligations arising out of the proposed management contract are limited only to the assets and property of the fundthefund and are not binding on any of the Trustees, officers or shareholders individually.

Amendments; Defined Terms.The proposed new management contract may only be amended in writing, and any amendments must be approved in a manner consistent with the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act and any applicable guidance or interpretations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff. Similarly, certain terms used in the proposed new management contract are used as defined in the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act and any applicable guidance or interpretation of the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff.

Sub-Adviser Arrangements

Sub-Management Contract.Putnam Management has retained an affiliate, Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), as the sub-manager for a portion of the funds’a fund’s assets as determined by Putnam Management from time to time (an “Allocated Sleeve”). PIL is currently authorized to serve as the sub-manager, to the extent determined by Putnam Management from time to time, for each of the funds. PIL is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (“PAC”), which is itself a subsidiary of Putnam Investments.

PIL serves as sub-manager for the funds under a sub-management contract between Putnam Management and PIL. Under the sub-management contract, Putnam Management (and not the fund) pays a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at the annual rates set forth in the accompanying table, in each case measured as a percentage of the average aggregate net asset value of assets invested in an Allocated Sleeve.

Under the terms of the sub-management contract, PIL, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for the portion of each fund that Putnam Management allocates to PIL from time to time and makes investment decisions on behalf of these portions of the fund, subject to Putnam Management’s supervision. Putnam Management may also, at its discretion, request PIL to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including order placement with certain broker-dealers. PIL, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-management contract provides that PIL is not subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of PIL’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties.

The sub-management contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or theshareholdersthe shareholders of the fund, or by PIL or Putnam Management, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice. The sub-management contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-management contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is theisthe affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Sub-Advisory Contract.PAC has been retained as a sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the funds identified in the accompanying table (collectively referred to herein as the “PAC Funds”) as determined from time to time by Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of such fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-adviser as described above, by PIL.

PAC serves as sub-adviser under the sub-advisory contract. Pursuant to the terms of the sub-advisory contract, Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of a PAC Fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-manager, PIL (and not the fund) pays a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average aggregate net asset value of the portion of such fund with respect to which PAC acts as sub-adviser.

Under the terms of the sub-advisory contract, PAC, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of a fund that is allocated to PAC from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable. PAC, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-advisory contract provides that PAC is not subject to any liability to Putnam Management, PIL, a PAC Fund or any shareholder of such fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of PAC’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties.

PAC serves as sub-adviser under the sub-advisory contract. Pursuant to the terms of the sub-advisory contract, Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of a PAC Fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-adviser, PIL (and not the fund) pays a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average aggregate net asset value of the portion of such fund with respect to which PAC acts as sub-adviser.

Under the terms of the sub-advisory contract, PAC, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of a fund that is allocated to PAC from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, and makes investmentdecisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable. PAC, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-advisory contract provides that PAC is not subject to any liability to Putnam Management, PIL, a PAC Fund or any shareholder of such fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of PAC’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties.

The sub-advisory contract may be terminated without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the relevant PAC Fund, or by PAC, PIL or Putnam Management, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the PAC fund.Fund. The sub-advisory contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as its continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or shareholders of the respective PAC Fund and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the PAC Fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders of a PAC Fund is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

To the extent that the Transfer may have constituted a “change of control” of Putnam Management, terminating automatically the funds’ previous management contracts, then the funds’ sub-management contract and the sub-advisory contract would also have terminated. To ensure that your fund did not lose the benefit of PIL’s or PAC’s services, at their in-person meeting held on October 18, 2013, the Trustees approved the continuance of the sub-management contract with PIL and the sub-advisory contract with PIL and PAC. The sub-management contract and sub-advisory contract are not interim in nature and will continue in effect through June 30, 2014. However, as described above, Putnam Management, PIL and PAC intend to enter into new sub-management and sub-advisory contracts contemporaneously with the execution of the proposed new management contracts if the new management contracts are approved by fund shareholders. SeeAppendix Efor copies of the current sub-management and sub-advisory contracts.

What did the Trustees consider in evaluating the proposed new management contracts?

In considering whether to approve the proposed new management contracts, as well as the interim management contracts, the Trustees took into account that they had recently approved the annual continuation of all of the previous management contracts and the sub-management and sub-advisory contracts for the Putnam funds in June 2013. That approval, on which the Trustees voted at an in-person meeting held on June 20 and 21, 2013, followed a lengthy process during which the Trustees considered a variety of factors that the Trustees considered to have a bearing on the contracts.Appendix Fcontains a general description of the Trustees’ deliberations.

At their in-person meeting on October 18, 2013, the Trustees, including the Trustees who are not “interested persons” as defined in the 1940 Act, considered the potential implications of Mr. Desmarais’ death and the Transfer. To address the possibility that the Transfer constituted an assignment of the funds’ management contracts, on October 18, 2013, the Trustees unanimously voted to approve interim management contractsforcontracts for the funds. Thefunds.The Trustees considered that, except for certain non-substantive changes, the effective date (October 8, 2013) and duration (until the earlier of either (i) March 7, 2014 (which, pursuant to Rule 15a-4 under the 1940 Act, represents the maximum allowable 150-day duration of an interim management contract) or (ii) the effective date of new management contracts that have been approved by fund shareholders, unless the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff permits the contracts’ continuance through a later date), the interim management contracts were identical to the funds’ previous management contracts. Under the interim management contracts, Putnam Management provides investment advisory services to each fund on essentially the same terms and conditions, and for the same fees, as it did under the previous management contracts.

On November 21 and 22, 2013, the Trustees met in person to discuss further the Transfer and the possibility that a change of control of Putnam Management had occurred. The Trustees considered the approval of new management contracts for each fund, proposed to become effective upon their execution following approval by shareholders, as well as calling a special meeting of fund shareholders and filing a preliminary proxy statement. They reviewed the terms of the proposed new management contracts and the disclosure included in the preliminary proxy statement. They noted that, as described above, the terms of the proposed new management contracts were identical to the previous management contracts, except for the effective dates and initial terms and for certain non-substantive changes. In particular, the Trustees considered:

• Information about the operations of The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, including that Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais, Mr. Desmarais’ sons, were expected to exercise, jointly, voting control over the Power Corporation of Canada shares controlled by The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust.

• That Paul Desmarais, Jr. and André Desmarais had been playing active managerial roles at Power Corporation of Canada, with responsibility for the oversight of Power Corporation of Cana-da’sCanada’s subsidiaries, including Putnam Investments, since Power Corporation of Canada had acquired Putnam Investments in 2007, including serving as Directors of Putnam Investments, and that the Transfer would not affect their responsibilities as officers of Power Corporation of Canada.

• The intention expressed by representatives of Power Corporation of Canada, Power Financial Corporation, and Great-West Lifeco that there would be no change to the operations or management of Putnam Investments, to Putnam Management’s management of the funds or to investment, advisory and other services provided to the funds by Putnam Management and its affiliates as a result of the Transfer.

• Putnam Management’s assurances that, following the Transfer, Putnam Management would continue to provide the same level of services to each fund and that the Transfer will not have an adverse impact on the ability of Putnam Management and

its affiliates to continue to provide high quality investment advisory and other services to the funds.

• Putnam Management’s assurances that there are no current plans to make any changes to the operations of the funds, existing management fees, expense limitations, distribution arrangements, or the quality of any services provided to the funds or their shareholders, as a result of the Transfer.

• The benefits that the funds have received and may potentially receive as a result of Putnam Management being a member of the Power Corporation of Canada group of companies, which promotes the stability of the Putnam organization.

• The commitment of Putnam Investments to bear a reasonable share of the expenses incurred by the Putnam funds in connection with the Transfer including one-half of the costs associated with this proxy solicitation (see page [ ]28 below).

Based upon the foregoing considerations, the Trustees concluded that, to eliminate any ambiguity as to the status of your fund’s management contract, it was in the best interests of your fund’s shareholders to call a special meeting so that shareholders may approve a new management contract with Putnam Management and Putnam Management can continue as your fund’s investment adviser. On November 22, 2013, the Trustees, including all of the Trustees present who are not “interested persons” of the funds or Putnam Investments, unanimously approved the proposed new management contracts and determined to recommend their approval to the shareholders of the Putnam funds.

What is the voting requirement for approving the proposal?

Approval of your fund’s proposed new management contract requires the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” of the fund, which is defined under the 1940 Act to bethe lesser of(a) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the fund, or (b) 67% or more of the shares of the fund present (in person or by proxy) at the special meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the fund are present at the meeting in person or by proxy.The Trustees unanimously recommend that shareholders vote FOR the proposed new management contracts.

2. ELECTING TRUSTEES

Affected funds:All open-end funds (i.e. (i.e.,all funds except Putnam High Income Securities Fund, Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust, Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust, Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust, and Putnam Premier Income Trust)

Who are the nominees for Trustees?

The Board Policy and Nominating Committee of the Board is responsible for making recommendations concerning the nominees for Trustees of your fund. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee consists solely of Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of yourfund.your fund. Those Trustees who are not “interested persons” of your fund arefundare referred to as “Independent Trustees” in this Section II.II of this proxy statement.

The Board, based on the recommendation of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, has fixed the number of Trustees of your fund at 14 and recommends that you vote for the election of the nominees described in the following pages. Each nominee is currently a Trustee of your fund and of the other Putnam funds.

Your fund does not regularly hold an annual shareholder meeting, but may from time to time schedule a special meeting. Except for Putnam Asia Pacific Equity Fund and Putnam International Value Fund, each of which held a special meeting in 2011, the last such meeting was held in 2009. Funds that commenced operations after 2009 have not yet held any shareholder meeting.

Biographical Information For The Fund’s Nominees.

The Board’s nominees for Trustees and their backgrounds are shown in the following pages. This information includes each nominee’s name, year of birth, principal occupation(s) during the past 5five years, and other information about the nominee’s professional background, including other directorships the nominee holds. Each Trustee oversees all of the Putnam funds and serves until the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until he or she sooner dies, resigns, retires, or is removed. The address of all of the Trustees is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. As of September 30, 2013, there were 116 Putnam funds.

Independent Trustees

Liaquat Ahamed(Born 1952)
Trustee since 2012

Mr. Ahamed is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author ofLords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. His articles on economics have appeared in the New York Times, ForeignAffairs, and the Financial Times.

Mr. Ahamed serves as a director of Aspen Insurance Co., a New York Stock Exchange company, and is the Chair of the Aspen Board’s Investment Committee. He is a Trustee of the Brookings Institution, where he serves as Chair of the Investment Committee. He is also a director of the Rohatyn Group, an emerging-market fund complex that manages money for institutions. Mr. Ahamed was previously the Chief Executive Officer of Fischer Francis Trees & Watts, Inc., a fixed income investment management subsidiary of BNP Paribas. He was formerly the head of the investment division at the World Bank, and is a member of the Foreign Affairs Policy Board of the U.S. Department of State.

Mr. Ahamed holds a B.A. in economics from Trinity College, Cambridge University and an M.A. in economics from Harvard University.

Ravi Akhoury(Born 1947)
Trustee since 2009

Mr. Akhoury serves as a Trustee of the Rubin Museum, serving on the Investment Committee, and of the American India Foundation. Mr. Akhoury is also a Director ofRAGEof RAGE Frameworks, Inc. and English Helper, Inc. (each a private software company).

Previously, Mr. Akhoury served as a Director of Jacob Ballas Capital India (a non-banking finance company focused on private equity advisory services) and a member of its Compensation Committee. He was also a Director and on the Compensation Committee of MaxIndia/New York Life Insurance Company in India. He was also Vice President and Investment Policy Committee member of Fischer Francis Trees & Watts, a fixed income investment management firm. He has also served on the Board of Bharti Telecom (an Indian telecommunications company), serving as a member of its Audit and Compensation Committees, and as a Director and member of the Audit Committee on the Board of Thompson Press (a publishing company). From 1992 to 2007, he was Chairman and CEO of MacKay Shields, a multi-product investment management firm with over $40 billion in assets under management.

Mr. Akhoury graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology with a B.S. in Engineering and obtained an M.S. in Quantitative Methods from SUNY at Stony Brook.

Barbara M. Baumann(Born 1955)
Trustee since 2010

Ms. Baumann is President and Owner of Cross Creek Energy Corporation, a strategic consultant to domestic energy firms and direct investor in energy projects.

Ms. Baumann currently serves as a Director of SM Energy Company (a publicly held U.S. exploration and production company) and UNS Energy Corporation (a publicly held electric and gas utility in Arizona). She is a director of Cody Resources management (a private company in the energy and ranching businesses). Ms. Baumann is a Trustee of Mount Holyoke College. She is a former Chair of the Board and a current Board member of Girls Inc. of Metro Denver, and serves on the Finance Committee of The Children’s Hospital of Colorado, as well as the Investment Committee of The Denver Foundation.

Until May 2012, Ms. Baumann was a Director of CVR Energy (a publicly held petroleum refiner and fertilizer manufacturer). Prior to 2003, Ms. Baumann was Executive Vice President of Associated Energy Managers, a domestic private equity firm. From 1981 until 2000, she held a variety of financial and operational management positions with the global energy company Amoco Corporation and its successor, BP, most recently serving as Commercial Operations Manager of its Western Business Unit.Ms.Unit.

Ms. Baumann holds an M.B.A. from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College.

Jameson A. Baxter(Born 1943)
Trustee since 1994, Vice Chair from 2005 to2011 and Chair since 2011

Ms. Baxter is the President of Baxter Associates, Inc., a private investment firm.

Ms. Baxter serves as Chair of the Mutual FundDirectorsFund Directors Forum, Director of the Adirondack Land Trust and Trustee of the Nature Conservancy’s Adirondack Chapter. Until 2011, Ms. Baxter was a director of ASHTA Chemical, Inc. Until 2007, she was a Director of Banta Corporation (a printing and supply chain management company), Ryerson, Inc. (a metals service corporation), and Advocate Health Care. She has also served as a director on a number of other boards, including BoardSource (formerly the National Center for Nonprofit Boards), Intermatic Corporation (a manufacturer of energy control products), and MB Financial. She is Chair Emeritus of the Board of Trustees of Mount Holyoke College, having served as Chair for five years.

Ms. Baxter has held various positions in investment banking and corporate finance, including Vice President of and Consultant to First Boston Corporation and Vice President and Principal of the Regency Group. She is a graduate of Mount Holyoke College.

Charles B. Curtis(Born 1940)
Trustee since 2001

Mr. Curtis serves as Senior Advisor to the Center for Strategic and International Studies and is President Emeritus of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (a private foundation dealing with nationalsecuritynational security issues).

Mr. Curtis is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the U.S. State Department International Security Advisory Board. He also serves as a Director of Edison International and Southern California Edison.

Mr. Curtis is an attorney with over 15 years in private practice and 19 years in various positions in public service, including service at the Department of Treasury, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Department of Energy.

Robert J. Darretta(Born 1946)
Trustee since 2007

Mr. Darretta serves as Director of UnitedHealth Group, a diversified health-care company.

Until April 2007, Mr. Darretta was Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of Johnson & Johnson,one of the world’s largest and most broadly based health-care companies. Prior to 2007, he had responsibility for Johnson & Johnson’s finance, investor relations, information technology, and procurement functions. He served as Johnson & Johnson Chief Financial Officer for a decade, prior to which he spent two

years as Treasurer of the corporation and over 10 years leading various Johnson & Johnson operating companies. From 2009 until 2012, Mr. Darretta served as the Health Care Industry Adviser to Permira, a global private equity firm.

Mr. Darretta received a B.S. in Economics from Villanova University.

Katinka Domotorffy(Born 1975)
Trustee since 2012

Ms. Domotorffy is a voting member of the Investment Committee of the Anne Ray Charitable Trust, part of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies. She also serves as the Vice ChairofChair of Reach Out and Read of Greater New York, an organization dedicated to promoting childhood literacy.

Until December 2011, Ms. Domotorffy was Partner, Chief Investment Officer, and Global Head of Quantitative Investment Strategies at Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

Ms. Domotorffy holds a BSc in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and an MSc in Accounting and Finance from the London School of Economics.

John A. Hill(Born 1942)
Trustee since 1985 and Chairman from 2000to 2011

Mr. Hill is founder and Vice-Chairman of First Reserve Corporation, the leading private equity buyout firm specializing in the world-wideworldwide energy industry, with offices in Greenwich, Connecticut; Houston, Texas; London, England; and Hong Kong, China. The firm’s investments on behalf of some of the nation’s largest pension and endowment funds are currently concentrated in 31 companies with annual revenues in excess of $15 billion, which employ over 100,000 people in 23 countries.

Mr. Hill is a Director of Devon Energy Corporation (a leading independent natural gas and oil exploration and production company) and various private companies owned by First Reserve, and serves as a Trustee of Sarah Lawrence College where he serves as Chairman and also chairs the Investment Committee. He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the Millstein Center for Global Markets and Corporate Ownership at The Columbia University Law School.

Prior to forming First Reserve in 1983, Mr. Hill served as President of F. Eberstadt and Company, an investment banking and investment management firm. Between 1969 and 1976, Mr. Hill held various senior positions in Washington, D.C. with the federal government, including Deputy Associate Director of the Office of Management and Budget and Deputy Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration during the Ford Administration.

Born and raised in Midland, Texas, he received his B.A. in Economics from Southern Methodist University and pursued graduate studies as a Woodrow Wilson Fellow.

Paul L. Joskow(Born 1947)
Trustee since 1997

Dr. Joskow is an economist and President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (a philanthropic institution focused primarily on research and education on issues related to science,technology, and economic performance). He is the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he joined the faculty in 1972. Dr. Joskow was the Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at MIT from 1999 through 2007.

Dr. Joskow serves as a Trustee of Yale University, as a Director of TransCanada Corporation (an energy company focused on natural gas transmission, oil pipelines, and power services) and of Exelon Corporation (an energy company focused on power services), and as a member of the Board of Overseers of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Prior to August 2007, he served as a Director of National Grid (a UK-based holding company with interests in electric and gas transmission and distribution and telecommunications infrastructure). Prior to July 2006, he served as President of the Yale University Council. Prior to February 2005, he served on the Board of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (a non-profit research institution). Prior to February 2002, he was a Director of State Farm Indemnity Company (an automobile insurance company), and prior to March 2000, he was a Director of New England Electric System (a public utility holding company).

Dr. Joskow has published seven books and numerous articles on industrial organization, government regulation of industry, and competition policy. He is active in industry restructuring, environmental, energy, competition, and privatization policies — having served as an advisor to governments and corporations worldwide. Dr. Joskow holds a Ph.D. and M.Phil. from Yale University and a B.A. from Cornell University.

Kenneth R. Leibler(Born 1949)
Trustee since 2006

Mr. Leibler is a founder and former Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, an electronic marketplace for the trading of derivative securities.

Mr. Leibler currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. He is also a Director of Northeast Utilities, which operates New England’s largest energy delivery system, and, until November 2010, was a Director of Ruder Finn Group, a global communications and advertising firm. Prior to December 2006, he served as a Director of the Optimum Funds group. Prior to October 2006, he served as a Director of ISO New England, the organization responsible for the operation of the electric generation system in the New England states. Prior to 2000, Mr. Leibler was a Director of the Investment Company Institute in Washington, D.C.

Prior to January 2005, Mr. Leibler served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange. Prior to January 2000, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Financial Companies, a publicly traded diver-sifieddiversified asset management organization. Prior to June 1990, Mr. Leibler served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and at the time was the youngest person in AMEX history to hold the title of President. Prior to serving as AMEX President, he held the position of Chief Financial Officer, and headed its management and marketing operations. Mr. Leibler graduated with a degree in Economics from Syracuse University.

Robert E. Patterson(Born 1945)
Trustee since 1984

Mr. Patterson is Co-Chairman of Cabot Properties, Inc. (a private equity firm investing in commercial real estate) and Chairman of its Investment Committee.

Mr. Patterson is past Chairman and served as a Trustee of the Joslin Diabetes Center. He previously was a Trustee of the Sea Education Association. Prior to December 2001, Mr. Patterson was President and Trustee of Cabot Industrial Trust (a publicly traded real estate investment trust). Prior to February 1998, he was Executive Vice President and Director of Acquisitions of Cabot Partners Limited Partnership (a registered investment adviser involved in institutional real estate investments). Prior to 1990, he served as Executive Vice President of Cabot, Cabot & Forbes Realty Advisors, Inc. (the predecessor company of Cabot Partners).

Mr. Patterson practiced law and held various positions in state government, and was the founding Executive Director of the Massachusetts Industrial Finance Agency. Mr. Patterson is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School.

George Putnam, III(Born 1951)
Trustee since 1984

Mr. Putnam is Chairman of New Generation Research, Inc. (a publisher of financial advisory and other research services), and President of New Generation Advisors, LLC (a registeredinvestmentregistered investment adviser to private funds). Mr. Putnam founded the New Generation companies in 1986.

Mr. Putnam is a Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC (a registered investment adviser). He is a Trustee of Epiphany School and a Trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Prior to June 2007, Mr. Putnam was President of the Putnam funds. Until 2010, he was a Trustee of St. Mark’s School, until 2006, he was a Trustee of Shore Country Day School, and until 2002, he was a Trustee of the Sea Education Association.

Mr. Putnam previously worked as an attorney with the law firm of Dechert LLP (formerly known as Dechert Price & Rhoads) in Philadelphia. He is a graduate of Harvard College, Harvard Business School, and Harvard Law School.

W. Thomas Stephens(Born 1942)
Trustee from 1997 to 2008, and since 2009

Mr. Stephens retired as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Boise Cascade, LLC (a paper, forest products and timberland assets company) in December 2008.

Mr. Stephens is a Director of TransCanada Pipelines, Ltd. (an energy infrastructure company).Until.

Until 2010, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Boise Inc. (a manufacturer of paper and packaging products). Until 2004, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Xcel Energy Incorporated (a public utility company), Qwest Communications and Norske Canada, Inc. (a paper manufacturer). Until 2003, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Mail-Well, Inc. (a diversified printing company). He served as Chairman of Mail-Well until 2001 and as CEO of MacMillan-Bloedel, Ltd. (a forest products company) until 1999.

Prior to 1996, Mr. Stephens was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Johns Manville Corporation (a manufacturing company). He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Arkansas.

Interested Trustee*

Robert L. Reynolds(Born 1952)
Trustee since 2008 and President of the
PutnamthePutnam funds since July 2009

Mr. Reynolds is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, a member of Putnam Investments’ Executive Board ofDirectors,of Directors, and President of the Putnam funds. He has more than 30 years of investment and financial services experience.

Prior to joining Putnam Investments in 2008, Mr. Reynolds was Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer of Fidelity Investments from 2000 to 2007. During this time, he served on the Board of Directors for FMR Corporation, Fidelity Investments Insurance Ltd., Fidelity Investments Canada Ltd., and Fidelity Management Trust Company. He was also a Trustee of the Fidelity Family of Funds. From 1984 to 2000, Mr. Reynolds served in a number of increasingly responsible leadership roles at Fidelity.

Mr. Reynolds serves on several not-for-profit boards, including those of the West Virginia University Foundation, Concord Museum, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Chamber of Commerce. He is a member of the Chief Executives Club of Boston, the National Innovation Initiative, and the Council on Competitiveness, and he is a former President of the Commercial Club of Boston.

Mr. Reynolds received a B.S. in Business Administration/Finance from West Virginia University.

* Trustee who is an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an “interested person” by virtue of his position as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments and the President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds.

The Board Policy and Nominating Committee is responsible for recommending proposed nominees for election to the Board of Trustees for its approval. In recommending the election or appointment of the current Board members as Trustees, the Committee generally considered the educational, business and professional experience of each Trustee in determining his or her qualifications to serve as a Trustee of the fund, including the Trustee’s record of service as a director or trustee of public and private organizations. This included as applicable, theireach Trustee’s previous service as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds, during which they havehe or she has demonstrated a high level of diligence and commitment to the interests of fund shareholders and the ability to work effectively and collegially with other members of the Board. The Committee also considered, among other factors, the particular attributes described below with respect to the various individual Trustees.

Independent Trustees:

Liaquat Ahamed — Mr. Ahamed’s experience as Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization and as head of the investment division at the World Bank, as well as his experience as an author of economic literature.

Ravi Akhoury — Mr. Akhoury’s experience as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization.

Barbara M. Baumann — Ms. Baumann’s experience in the energy industry as a consultant, an investor, and in both financial and operational management positions at a global energy company, and her service as a director of three NYSENew York Stock Exchange companies.

Jameson A. Baxter — Ms. Baxter’s experience in corporate finance acquired in the course of her career at a major investment bank, her experience as a director and audit committee chair of two NYSENew York Stock Exchange companies and her role as Chair of the Mutual Fund Directors Forum.

Charles B. Curtis — Mr. Curtis’s experience in public and regulatory policy matters relating to energy and finance acquired in the course of his service in various senior positions in government and on numerous boards of public and private organizations.

Robert J. Darretta — Mr. Darretta’s experience as the Chief Financial Officer and Vice Chairman of the board of a major NYSENew York Stock Exchange health products company.

Katinka Domotorffy — Ms. Domotorffy’s experience as Chief Investment Officer and Global Head of Quantitative Investment Strategies at a major asset management organization.

John A. Hill — Mr. Hill’s experience as founder and Chairman of an open-end mutual fund and as a founder and lead managing partner of one of the largest private equity firms in the United States.

Paul L. Joskow — Dr. Joskow’s education and experience as a professional economist familiar with financial economics and related issues and his service on multiple for-profit boards.

Kenneth R. Leibler — Mr. Leibler’s extensive experience in the financial services industry, including as Chief Executive Officer of a major asset management organization, and his service as a director of various public and private companies.

Robert E. Patterson — Mr. Patterson’s training and experience as an attorney and his experience as president of a NYSENew York Stock Exchange company.

George Putnam, III — Mr. Putnam’s training and experience as an attorney, his experience as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of an investment management firm and his experience as an author of various publications on the subject of investments.

W. Thomas Stephens — Mr. Stephens’s extensive business experience, including his service as Chief Executive Officer of four public companies, as non-executive chairman of two public companies and as a director of numerous other public companies.

Interested Trustee:

Robert L. Reynolds — Mr. Reynolds’s extensive experience as a senior executive of one of the largest mutual fund organizations in the United States and his current role as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Each of the nominees has agreed to serve as a Trustee, if elected. If any of the nominees is unavailable for election at the time of the special meeting, which is not anticipated, the Trustees may vote for other nominees at their discretion, or the Trustees may fix the number of Trustees at fewer than 14 for your fund.

What are the Trustees’ responsibilities?

Your fund’s Trustees are responsible for the general oversight of your fund’s affairs and for assuring that your fund is managed in the best interests of its shareholders. The Trustees regularly review your fund’s investment performance as well as the quality of other services provided to your fund and its shareholders by Putnam Management and its affiliates, including administration, distribution and shareholder servicing. At least annually, the Trustees review and evaluate the fees and operating expenses paid by your fund for these services and negotiate changes if they deem it appropriate. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an independent administrative staff and by your fund’s auditors, independent counsel and other experts as appropriate, selected by and responsible to the Trustees.

Board Leadership Structure.Currently, 13 of the 14 Trustees of your fund are Independent Trustees. These Independent Trustees must vote separately to approve all financial arrangements and other agreements with your fund’s investment manager and other affiliated parties. The role of the Independent Trustees has been characterized as that of a “watchdog” charged with oversight to protect shareholders’ interests against overreaching and abuse by those who are in a position

to control or influence a fund. Your fund’s Independent Trustees meet regularly as a group in executive session. An Independent Trustee currently serves as chair of the Board.

Board Committees.Taking into account the number, the diversity and the complexity of the funds overseen by the Board and the aggregate amount of assets under management, your fund’s Trustees have determined that the efficient conduct of the Board’s affairs makes it desirable to delegate responsibility for certain specific matters to committees of the Board. Certain committees (the Executive Committee, Distributions Committee and Audit and Compliance Committee) are authorized to act for the Trustees as specified in their charters. The other committees review and evaluate matters specified in their charters and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. Each committee may utilize the resources of your fund’s auditors, independent staff and counsel as well as other experts. The committees meet as often as necessary, either in conjunction with regular meetings of the Trustees or otherwise. The membership and chair of each committee are appointed by the Trustees upon recommendation of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee. Each committee is chaired by an Independent Trustee and, except as noted below, the membership and chairs of each committee consist exclusively of Independent Trustees.

The Trustees have determined that this committee structure also allows the Board to focus more effectively on the oversight of risk as part of its broader oversight of the fund’s affairs. While risk management is the primary responsibility of the fund’s investment manager, the Trustees regularly receive reports regarding investment risks and compliance risks. The Board’s committee structure allows separate committees to focus on different aspects of these risks and their potential impact on some or all of the funds and to discuss with the fund’s investment manager how it monitors and controls such risks.

Audit and Compliance Committee.The Audit and Compliance Committee provides oversight on matters relating to the preparation of the Putnam funds’ financial statements, compliance matters, internal audit functions, and Codes of Ethics issues. This oversight is discharged by regularly meeting with management and the funds’ auditors and keeping current on industry developments. Duties of this Committee also include the review and evaluation of all matters and relationships pertaining to the funds’ auditors, including their independence. Information about the fees billed to the fund by the funds’ auditors, as well as information about the Committee’s pre-approval policies relating to the work performed by the funds’ auditors, is included inAppendix Gof this proxy statement. The members of the Committee include only Independent Trustees. Each member of the Committee also is “independent,” as that term is interpreted for purposes of Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Committee, a current copy of which is available at putnam.com/www.putnam.com/about-putnam/. TheCommittee currently consists of Messrs. Leibler (Chairperson), Curtis, Darretta and Hill and Mses. Baumann and Domotorffy.

Board Policy and Nominating Committee.The Board Policy and Nominating Committee reviews matters pertaining to the operations of the Board and its committees, the compensation of the Trustees and their staff, and the conduct of legal affairs for the Putnam funds. The Committee also oversees the voting of proxies associated with portfolio investments of the Putnam funds, with the goal of ensuring that these proxies are voted in the best interest of each fund’s shareholders.

The Committee evaluates and recommends all candidates for election as Trustees and recommends the appointment of members and chairs of each Board committee. The Committee also identifies prospective nominees for election as Trustee by considering individuals that come to its attention through the recommendation of current Trustees, Putnam Management or shareholders. Candidates properly submitted by shareholders (as described below) will be considered and evaluated on the same basis as candidates recommended by other sources. The Committee may, but is not required to, engage a third-party professional search firm to assist it in identifying and evaluating potential nominees.

When evaluating a potential candidate for membership on the Board, the Committee considers the skills and characteristics that it determines would most benefit the Putnam funds at the time the evaluation is made. The Committee may take into account a wide variety of attributes in considering potential Trustee candidates, including, but not limited to: (i) availability and commitment of a candidate to attend meetings and perform his or her responsibilities to the Board, (ii) other board experience, (iii) relevant industry and related experience, (iv) educational background, (v) financial expertise, (vi) an assessment of the candidate’s ability, judgment and expertise, (vii) an assessment of the perceived needs of the Board and its committees at that point in time and (viii) overall Board composition. The Committee generally believes that the Board benefits from diversity of background, experience and views among its members, and considers this as a factor in evaluating the composition of the Board, but has not adopted any specific policy in this regard. In connection with this evaluation, the Committee will determine whether to interview prospective nominees, and, if warranted, one or more members of the Committee, and other Trustees and representatives of the funds, as appropriate, will interview prospective nominees in person or by telephone. Once this evaluation is completed, the Committee recommends such candidates as it determines appropriate to the Independent Trustees for nomination, and the Independent Trustees select the nominees after considering the recommendation of the Committee.

The Committee will consider nominees for Trustee recommended by shareholders of a fund provided shareholders submit their recommendations by the date disclosed in the paragraphparagraphs entitled “Date for receipt of shareholders’ proposals

for subsequent meetings of shareholders” in the section “Further Information About Voting and the Special Meeting,” and provided the shareholders’ recommendations otherwise comply with applicable securities laws, including Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act.

The Committee consists only of Independent Trustees. The Trustees have adopted a written charter for the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, a current copy of which is available at putnam.com/www.putnam.com/about-putnam/. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee currently consists of Messrs. Hill (Chairperson), Curtis, Patterson and Putnam and Ms. Baxter.

Brokerage Committee.The Brokerage Committee reviews the Putnam funds’ policies regarding the execution of portfolio trades and Putnam Management’s practices and procedures relating to the implementation of those policies. The Committee reviews periodic reports on the cost and quality of execution of portfolio transactions and the extent to which brokerage commissions have been used (i) by Putnam Management to obtain brokerage and research services generally useful to it in managing the portfolios of the funds and of its other clients, and (ii) by the funds to pay for certain fund expenses. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee currently consists of Dr. Joskow (Chairperson), Ms. Baxter and Messrs. Ahamed, Akhoury, Patterson, Putnam and Stephens.

Contract Committee.The Contract Committee reviews and evaluates at least annually all arrangements pertaining to (i) the engagement of Putnam Management and its affiliates to provide services to the Putnam funds, (ii) the expenditure of the funds’ assets for distribution purposes pursuant to Distribution Plans of the funds, and (iii) the engagement of other persons to provide material services to the funds, including in particular those instances where the cost of services is shared between the funds and Putnam Management and its affiliates or where Putnam Management or its affiliates have a material interest. The Committee also reviews the proposed organization of new fund products, proposed structural changes to existing funds and matters relating to closed-end funds. The Committee reports and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee currently consists of Mr. Patterson (Chairperson), Dr. Joskow, Ms. Baxter and Messrs. Ahamed, Akhoury, Putnam and Stephens.

Distributions Committee.The Distributions Committee oversees all dividends and distributions by the Putnam funds. The Committee makes recommendations to the Trustees of the funds regarding the amount and timing of distributions paid by the funds, and determines such matters when the Trustees are not in session. The Committee also oversees the policies and procedures pursuant to which Putnam Management prepares recommendations for distributions, and meets regularly with representatives of Putnam Management to review the implementation of these policies and procedures. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to theTrustees regarding these matters. The Committee currently consists of Ms. Baumann (Chairperson), Ms. Domotorffy and Messrs. Curtis, Darretta, Hill and Leibler.

Executive Committee.The functions of the Executive Committee are twofold. The first is to ensure that the Putnam funds’ business may be conducted at times when it is not feasible to convene a meeting of the Trustees or for the Trustees to act by written consent. The Committee may exercise any or all of the power and authority of the Trustees when the Trustees are not in session. The second is to establish annual and ongoing goals, objectives and priorities for the Board, and to ensure coordination of all efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management on behalf of the shareholders of the funds. The Committee currently consists of Ms. Baxter (Chairperson) and Messrs. Hill, Leibler, Patterson and Putnam.

Investment Oversight Committees.The Investment Oversight Committees regularly meet with investment personnel of Putnam Management to review the investment performance and strategies of the Putnam funds in light of their stated investment objectives and policies. The Committees seek to identify any compliance issues that are unique to the applicable categories of funds and work with the appropriate Board committees to ensure that any such issues are properly addressed. Investment Oversight Committee A currently consists of Messrs. Akhoury (Chairperson), Ahamed, Darretta, Hill, Patterson and Reynolds and Ms. Baxter. Investment Oversight Committee B currently consists of Messrs. Putnam (Chairperson), Curtis, Leibler and Stephens, Dr. Joskow and Mses. Baumann and Domotorffy.

Pricing Committee.The Pricing Committee oversees the valuation of assets of the Putnam funds and reviews the funds’ policies and procedures for achieving accurate and timely pricing of fund shares. The Committee also oversees implementation of these policies, including fair value determinations of individual securities made by Putnam Management or other designated agents of the funds. The Committee also oversees compliance by money market funds with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act and the correction of occasional pricing errors. The Committee also reviews matters related to the liquidity of portfolio holdings. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee currently consists of Messrs. Darretta (Chairperson), Curtis, Hill and Leibler and Mses. Baumann and Domotorffy.

How large a stake do the Trustees have in the Putnam family of funds?

The Trustees allocate their investments among the Putnam funds based on their own investment needs. The number of shares beneficially owned by each nominee for Trustee, as well as the value of each nominee’s holdings in each fund and in all of the Putnam funds as of September 30, 2013 is included inAppendix H. As a group, the Trustees owned shares of the Putnam funds valued at approximately $[[ ]] million,$95,601,009.14, as of September 30, 2013.

As of September 30, 2013, to the knowledge of your fund, each Trustee, and the officers and Trustees of the fund as a group, owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of each fund, except as listed inAppendix H.

How can shareholders communicate with the Trustees?

The Board provides a process for shareholders to send communications to the Trustees. Shareholders may direct communications to the Board as a whole or to specified individual Trustees by submitting them in writing to the following address:

Written communications must include the shareholder’s name, be signed by the shareholder, refer to the Putnam fund(s) in which the shareholder holds shares and include the class and number of shares held by the shareholder as of a recent date.

Representatives of the funds’ transfer agent will review all communications sent to Trustees and, as deemed appropriate, will provide copies and/or summaries of communications to the Trustees.

How often do the Trustees meet?

The Trustees currently hold regular in-person meetings eight times each year, usually over a two-day period, to review the operations of the Putnam funds. A portion of these meetings is devoted to meetings of various committees of the Board that focus on particular matters. Each Independent Trustee generally attends at least two formal committee meetings during each regular meeting of the Trustees. In addition, the Trustees meet in small groups with senior investment personnel and portfolio managers to review recent performance and the current investment climate for selected funds. These meetings ensure that fund performance is reviewed in detail on at least an annual basis. The committees of the Board, including the Executive Committee, may also meet on special occasions as the need arises. During calendar year 2012, the average Trustee participated in approximately 37 committee and Board meetings.

The number of times each committee met during calendar year 2012 is shown in the table below:

The funds do not have a formal policy with respect to Trustee attendance at shareholder meetings, although, where possible, the Chair of the Trustees generally seeks to attend all meetings involving non-routine business matters. With the exception of Putnam Asia Pacific Equity Fund, Putnam High Income Securities Fund, Putnam International Value Fund, Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust, Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust, Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust and Putnam Premier Income Trust, your fund’s Trustees other than John A. Hill did not attend the last shareholder meeting of your fund. The Trustees are generally represented at routine shareholder meetings by their independent staff and independent counsel.

What are some of the ways in which the Trustees represent shareholder interests?

Among other ways, the Trustees seek to represent shareholder interests:

• by reviewing your fund’s investment performance with your fund’s investment personnel;

• by discussing with senior management of Putnam Management steps being taken to address any performance deficiencies;

• by reviewing the quality of the various other services provided to your fund and its shareholders by Putnam Management and its affiliates;

• by reviewing in depth the fees paid by each fund and by negotiating with Putnam Management, if appropriate, to ensure that such fees remain reasonable and competitive with those of comparable funds, while at the same time providing Putnam Management sufficient resources to continue to provide high quality services in the future;

• by reviewing brokerage costs and fees, allocations among brokers, soft dollar expenditures and similar expenses of your fund;

• by monitoring potential conflicts of interest between the Putnam funds, including your fund, and Putnam Management and its affiliates to ensure that the funds continue to be managed in the best interests of their shareholders; and

• by monitoring potential conflicts among funds managed by Putnam Management to ensure that shareholders continue to realize the benefits of participation in a large and diverse family of funds.

What are the Trustees paid for their services?

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual retainer fee and additional fees for each Trustee meeting attended and for certain related services. Independent Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their service as Trustees. All of the current Independent Trustees of the fund are Trustees of all of the Putnam funds and receive fees for their services.

The Trustees periodically review their fees to ensure that the fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which consists solely of Independent Trustees of the fund, estimates that committee and Trustee meeting time, together with the appropriate preparation, requires the equivalent of at least four business days per Trustee meeting. The table found inAppendix Iincludes the year each Trustee became a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the fees paid to each of those Trustees by each fund included in this proxy statement for its most recent fiscal year (ended prior to October 1, 2013) and the fees paid to each of those Trustees by all of the Putnam funds during calendar year 2012.

Under a Retirement Plan in effect for Trustees of the Putnam funds elected to the Board before 2003 (the “Plan”), each eligible Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual attendance and retainer fees paid to such Trustee for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee’s lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, ensures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years or (ii) such Trustee’s total years of service.

The Plan Administrator (currently the Board Policy and Nominating Committee) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. The Trustees have terminated the Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected to the Board after 2003.

Why should you vote for your fund’s nominees?

Your current Trustees are independent, experienced, and highly qualified fiduciaries who exercise strong fund governance practices.

Independent

• The Chair of your fund, Jameson A. Baxter, is independent of Putnam Management and has served on the Board for nearly 20 years. She also serves as the Chair of the Mutual Fund Directors Forum, which provides educational and outreach programs for independent directors;

• 13 of the 14 Trustees are independent of Putnam Management; and

• The Independent Trustees are assisted by an independent administrative staff and legal counsel who are selected by the Independent Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management.

Highly Qualified

• The Trustees have significant current and past related industry experience, and have a demonstrated history of actively pursuing the interests of the fund’s shareholders; and

• The Board includes individuals with substantial professional accomplishments and prior experience in a variety of fields, including investment management, economics, finance, energy, health care, manufacturing, national security and real estate; and

Strong Governance Practices

• The Board includes a combination of long-tenured and newer members, bringing diverse perspectives to fund oversight;

• The Board has a well-established committee and oversight structure for the Putnam funds, including your fund, which has been developed over a long period of time; and

• The fund does not have a staggered board structure or other takeover defenses.

What is the voting requirement for electing Trustees?

All of the funds within a trust will vote together on the election of Trustees as a single class. If a quorum for your trust is present at the special meeting, the fourteen14 nominees for election as Trustees who receive the greatest number of votes cast at the meeting will be elected as Trustees of your trust. The tablename of each trust is indicated inAppendix Nincludes each Trust, bold in the Notice of a Special Meeting of Shareholders on pages 1 and if applicable,2, with the funds that are series of that trust appearing below its constituent series.name.The Trustees unanimously recommend that shareholders vote “FOR” the election of your fund’s nominees.

3. APPROVING AN AMENDED AND RESTATEDDECLARATION OF TRUST FOR YOUR FUND

Affected funds:All open-end funds (i.e. (i.e.,all funds except Putnam High Income Securities Fund, Putnam Managed Municipal Income Fund,Trust, Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust, Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust, and Putnam Premier Income Trust)

Each Putnam fund is organized as a series of a Massachusetts business trust or as a stand-alone Massachusetts business trust (each, a “Trust”). Each Trust is governed by a declaration of trust established under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The declaration of trust sets forth, among other things, details regarding the organization and operation of a fund, shareholder rights, powers of the Trustees and the characteristics of fund shares.

The Putnam funds affected by this proposal currently operate under thirty-eight distinct declarations of trust (each a “Current Declaration” and together, the “Current Declarations”). The Current Declarations were created at different times in the past and differ from each other in a number of ways. These differences create certain inefficiencies in the operations of the Putnam funds that can be disadvantageous to the funds and their shareholders. In addition, the terms of many of the Current Declarations do not provide for the flexibility and the

same limitations of liabilities that more recent declarations of trust provide to many other mutual funds organized as Massa-chusettsMassachusetts business trusts and to their trustees and officers. The Trustees of your fund believe that the adoption of a single form of Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust (the “Revised Declaration”) for each Trust will, among other things: (i) provide the Trustees and Putnam Management increased flexibility in managing the affairs of the funds in an efficient and cost-effective manner in the best interests of shareholders; (ii) modernize and streamline certain corporate governance provisions, potentially resulting in a reduction or elimination of costs and delays over time and a reduction in the risks and costs of litigation; and (iii) eliminate certain ambiguities in and among the Current Declarations. On the basis of these and other considerations noted below, the Trustees recommend that shareholders of your Fundfund vote to authorize the Trustees to adopt the Revised Declaration, a form of which is included herein asAppendix ML.

The discussion below highlights certain differences between the Current Declarations and the Revised Declaration. The most significant changes are described below under the caption “Significant Changes.” There are other differences between the Revised Declaration and the Current Declarations, mostly in the nature of clarifying and conforming changes, certain of which are described below under the caption “Other Changes.” Because there are many variations among the Current Declarations, not all of the changes described below will necessarily pertain to your fund. In addition, not all of the differences between the Current Declarations and the Revised Declaration are described below, so you should carefully review the form of the Revised Declaration inAppendix ML. For a copy of your fund’s Current Declaration, you may call Putnam Investments at (800) 225-1581.1-800-225-1581. Your fund’s Current Declaration is also on file with the Secretary of theThe Commonwealth of Massachusetts.Massachusetts and may be accessed at the Secretary’s website atwww.sec.state.ma.us.

Significant Changes

1. Class Reorganizations and Terminations (all funds)

Each Current Declaration permits the Trustees to divide the shares of any series into one or more classes. The Trustees have historically used this power to create classes of shares that reflect different methods of distribution. It may be desirable at some point in the future for the Trustees to discontinue certain share classes, in which case it may be desirable to reorganize the shares of a discontinued class with another series or class or to liquidate the shares of such class. The Revised Declaration (Article III, Section 1) clarifies the Trustees’ authority to combine shares of two or more classes of a fund into a single class without shareholder approval. Likewise, the Revised Declaration (Article IX, Section 5) permits the Trustees to authorize the reorganization of a class (by way of merger, consolidation or sale of assets) with another entity (including another series or class) without shareholder approval to the extent permitted by law. Finally, the Revised Declaration permits the Trustees to terminatetoterminate and liquidate a particular class without shareholderapproval.shareholder approval. These additional powers are intended to provide the Board the flexibility to implement changes in a fund’s class structure that it believes to be in the shareholders’ best interests, without causing the funds to incur the time and expense of soliciting shareholder approval. Putnam Management has advised the Trustees that it has no present intention of proposing any changes in the current class structure of the funds.

2. Derivative Actions and Exclusive Selection of Forum for Certain Shareholder Actions (all funds)

The Revised Declaration (Article III, Section 6) provides that a shareholder may not bring or maintain any court action, proceeding or claim on behalf of a Trust without first making demand on the Trustees requesting the Trustees to bring the action. The Current Declarations do not contain a similar provision, although Massachusetts courts have generally imposed a similar demand requirement in the past based on the Trustees’ inherent authority to manage all affairs of the Trust, including the bringing of litigation on behalf of the Trust. This requirement also conforms to a recent change in Massachusetts law applicable to business corporations requiring that demand be made in all circumstances. The requirement for shareholder demand is intended to prevent the potential disruption and expense that could result when a shareholder attempts to bring a suit that the Trustees in their judgment do not believe would be in the best interests of a Trust. The effect of these changes may be to discourage suits brought on behalf of the funds by shareholders against Putnam Management or the Trustees, but is not intended to affect any right of shareholders to bring actions in their own name.

The Revised Declaration (Article III, Section 7) also provides that any action brought by a shareholder seeking to enforce any right or privilege of shareholders under the Revised Declaration, challenging the powers of the Trustees thereunder, alleging a breach of fiduciary duty by any Trustee or officer of a Trust, or otherwise involving primarily the internal affairs of a Trust may be brought only in the courts of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Current Declarations do not contain a similar provision. This proposed change is intended to ensure that the courts of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts will be the exclusive forum in which certain lawsuits against a fund, its Trustees or officers may be brought. In recent years, lawsuits against mutual funds and their officers and directors have often been brought and decided outside of a fund’s state of organization. Forum selection provisions can benefit funds and their shareholders by reducing the cost and disruption of multi-forum litigation (i.e.,litigation brought by shareholders simultaneously in different forums that challenges the same action) and limiting the ability of plaintiffs’ lawyers to seek out judicial forums that are particularly favorable to plaintiffs’ actions, sometimes referred to as “forum shopping.” Forum selection provisions are intended to permit a fund and its shareholders to benefit from the special expertise and long history of Massachusetts courts in dealing with declarations of trust governing the affairs of entities organized as Massachusetts business trusts. This provision would not, however, limit the

business trusts. This provision would not, however, limit the ability of plaintiffs to bring actions outside of Massachusetts with respect to claims that do not fall within the scope of the forum selection provision, such as claims based on violations of federal securities law, contract claims or tort claims.

3. Removal of a Trustee (all funds)

The Revised Declaration (Article IV, Section 2) provides that a Trustee may be removed by the vote of two-thirds of the remaining Trustees or by the vote of two-thirds of a fund’s outstanding shares. Under the Current Declarations, the only mechanism for removing a Trustee is by the vote of two-thirds of the fund’s outstanding shares. This change is intended to increase administrative efficiency by providing Trustees the authority to remove a Trustee without causing the funds to incur the time and expense of soliciting shareholder approval. A Trustee would only be removed if the remaining Trustees deem such removal as necessary to ensure the effective operation of the Board or otherwise serve the best interests of shareholders, for example, to deal with the situation of a trustee who has become incapacitated, who refuses to resign in accordance with the Board’s retirement policy, or who has become involved in personal or business-related legal matters that could call into question his or her continuing fitness to serve. The ability of the Board to remove a Trustee without shareholder action is also consistent with recent changes in Massachusetts law applicable to business corporations.

4. Involuntary Redemptions (all funds)

The Current Declarations generally provide that the Trustees have the power to redeem the shares of any shareholder if either (i) the shareholder owns fewer shares than, or shares having an aggregate net asset value less than, an amount determined from time to time by the Trustees (the current minimum is 20 shares) or (ii) the shareholder owns shares of the fund in excess of a maximum amount set by the Trustees. In addition to these circumstances, the Revised Declaration (Article VI, Section 3) permits a fund to make involuntary redemptions in certain additional circumstances, including: (i) if a shareholder fails to supply appropriate personal and tax identification information requested by the fund; (ii) if a shareholder fails to meet or maintain the qualifications for ownership of a particular series or class; (iii) to collect a small account fee imposed on certain accounts (as described further below); or (iv) if the Trustees determine for any other reason, in their sole discretion, that the ownership of fund shares by a shareholder is not in the best interests of the remaining shareholders of the Trust or of the applicable series or class. Possible circumstances in which the Trustees may determine that a shareholder’s ownership of fund shares is not in the best interests of the remaining shareholders include situations in which a shareholder repeatedly violates short-term trading restrictions or otherwise abuses shareholder privileges, resides in a particular foreign jurisdiction that may result in the imposition of regulatory restrictions on the fund, or is added to the Specially Designated Nationals List maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control within the U.S. Department of the Treasury (or similar list of persons subject tosanction). A fund will provide advance notice to a shareholder of the intention to redeem shares involuntarily.

It is common for mutual funds to pay transfer agent and other shareholder servicing costs that are incurred in whole or in part on a per account basis. As a result, having a large number of relatively small shareholder accounts can potentially increase a fund’s expense ratio, with larger shareholders bearing a disproportionate amount of such costs. The Current Declarations already permitthepermit the Trustees to redeem all shares held in an account falling below a number fixed by the Trustees. The Revised Declaration would provide the Trustees the additional flexibility to impose fees on accounts that do not meet a minimum investment amount and to redeem shares in any such account in an amount required to pay such fees. This would allow a fund to cause those shareholders who maintain small accounts to bear a fair portion of the costs of maintaining small accounts in lieu of redeeming such accounts altogether. A fund will provide advance notice to shareholders of its intention to impose fees on accounts that do not exceed a minimum investment size. Any such action would be subject to approval by the Trustees on such terms as they consider to be in the best interests of all shareholders. Any such fee would be retained by the fund (as an offset to transfer agency fees), and would not be paid to Putnam Management.

5. Indemnification of Trustees, Officers, etc. (all funds)

The Revised Declaration (Article VIII, Section 2)1) modifies certain provisions relating to the availability of indemnification to the Trust’s Trustees and officers (including persons who serve at the Trust’s request as directors, officers or trustees of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise) (each a “Covered Person”). Under the Revised Declaration, a Covered Person would not be indemni-fiedindemnified with respect to any matter as to which such person had been finally adjudicated (i) not to have acted in good faith, (ii) not to have acted in the reasonable belief that his or her action was in the best interest of a Trust or at least was not opposed to the best interest of the Trust, (iii) in the case of a criminal proceeding, to have had reasonable cause to believe his or her action was unlawful, or (iv) to be liable by reason of such person’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties (referred to below as “Disabling Conduct”). The Current Declarations contain a similar provision but do not expressly permit indemnification in circumstances where such person has been finally adjudicated to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that his or her action was not opposed to the best interest of the Trust. The Current Declarations also do not contain the exception noted above for criminal proceedings. These changes are intended to conform to recent changes in law applicable to Massachusetts corporations.

The Revised Declaration (Article VIII, Section 1) also adds a provision that creates a rebuttable presumption in favor of a Covered Person when determining whether there is reason to believe the Covered Person ultimately will be entitled to indem-nificationindemnification and hence may receive advancements of expenses in connection with indemnification. The Revised Declaration provides that the

persons making determinations concerning advance payments will afford the Covered Person a rebuttable presumption that he or she did not engage in Disabling Conduct. This rebuttable presumption is consistent with recent guidance of the Securities and Exchange Commission staff. The Revised Declaration both provides greater certainty to Trustees and other indemnified persons as to the circumstances where they might be denied indemnification, and makes it less likely in most circumstances that a Covered Person will be denied

8. Redemption Fees (listed funds only)

The Revised Declaration (Article VI, Section 3)2) makes explicit that fees or charges may be imposed on shares being redeemed. Such fees or charges would typically be applied in circumstances where the Trustees believe that such fees are necessary or appropriate to protect non-redeeming shareholders from the transaction costs associated with redemptions, for example, during periods of market turmoil resulting in reduced trading liquidity. Any such fees would be retained by the fund and would not be paid to Putnam Management. While the Current Declarations for most funds state that the Trustees may impose redemption fees, the declarations of trust of the Affected Funds listed below do not explicitly contemplate this power. In order to conform your fund’s Current Declaration with the majority of the Putnam funds’ declarations of trust and to avoid

Money Market Fund, Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust, and Putnam Voyager Fund.

10. Amendment of the Declaration of Trust (all funds)

The proposed changes to the Revised Declaration would expand, to a certain extent, the Trustees’ authority to amend a declaration of trust without obtaining a shareholder vote. Under the Revised Declaration (Article VIII,IX, Section 8), the Trustees have the authority to amend the declaration of trust without shareholder approval if (i) the amendment would be for the purpose of changing the name of the Trust or curing any omission, ambiguity, defect or inconsistency or (ii) the amendment would not, in the judgment of the Trustees, have a material adverse effect on the shareholders of any series or class of shares. In contrast, the Current Declarations for most funds permit the Trustees to amend the declaration of trust without shareholder authorization only for the purpose of changing the name of the trustTrust or curing any omission, ambiguity, defect or inconsistency. (In the case of The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income and The George Putnam Fund of Boston (d/b/a George Putnam Balanced Fund) and The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income,, the Current Declarations permit the

manner Putnam Management deems most efficient, as from time to time authorized by the Trustees.

What effect will amending the current restriction with respect to investments in commodities have on your fund?

Under the proposed fundamental investment restriction, the fund will be able to invest directly in gold and other physical commodities, as well as engage in a variety of transactions (already permitted under its current investment restriction) involving the use of commodity-linked investments, including commodity-based exchange-traded funds or notes (ETFs or ETNs) and commodity-linked notes, to the extent permitted by law and consistent with the fund’s investment objectives and policies.

Putnam Management believes that this added investment flexi-bilityflexibility to invest in physical commodities could assist your fund in achieving its investment objective, both because at times such investments may provide a more advantageous form of exposure to commodities than investing through financial instruments. Investments in physical commodities and commodity-linked investments may offer the opportunity for attractive investment returns

The Trustees, subject to shareholder approval, have approved a change to each affected fund’s sub-classification under the 1940 Act from a “diversified” fund to a “non-diversified” fund under the 1940 Act. The Trustees and Putnam Management believe that changing each affected fund from a diversified fund to a non-diversified fund would give Putnam InvestmentsManagement more flexibility in implementing each fund’s investment strategies in response to market or industry developments or to changes in Putnam Management’s views about issuers in the relevant sector. The proposed change would also conform the affected funds’ fundamental investment restriction to the standard restriction currently used by Putnam’s other global sector funds, which operate as non-diversified funds.

Each affected fund was originally organized and operated as a non-diversified fund pursuant to the following fundamental investment policy, which matches that of other global sector funds. The policy provides that the fund may not:

With respect to 50% of its total assets, invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or to securities issued by other investment companies.

Putnam Management, may benefit indirectly from the approval of the proposed management contracts.

With respect to ProposalsProposal 2, and 3, neither abstentions nor broker non-votes have an effect on the outcome of the proposal. With respect to other proposals, abstentions and broker non-votes have the effect of votes against the proposal. For Proposals 1, 4, and 5, treating broker non-votes as negative votes may result in the proposal not being approved, even though the votes cast in favor would have been sufficient to approve the proposal if some or all of the broker non-votes had been withheld. In certain circumstances in which a fund has received sufficient votes to approve a matter being recommended for approval by the fund’s Trustees, the fund may request that brokers and nominees, in their discretion, withhold or withdraw submission of broker non-votes in order to avoid the need for solicitation of additional votes in favor of the proposal. A fund may also request that selected brokers and nominees, in their discretion, submit broker non-votes, if doing so is necessary to obtain a quorum.

Shareholders who object to any proposal in this Proxy Statement will not be entitled under Massachusetts law or the Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the particular Putnam fund to demand payment for, or an appraisal of, their shares.

Special Rule for Proportional Voting for Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust and Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust.For funds listed on the New York Stock Exchange that have outstanding preferred shares, in accordance with the rules of the exchange, brokerage firms may vote for (or against)

they are voted either (i) by a written revocation received by the Clerk of your fund, (ii) by properly executing and submitting a later-dated proxy, (iii) by recording later-dated voting instructions by telephone or via the Internet, or (iv) by attending the special meeting and voting in person. If your shares are held in street name through a bank, broker or other financial intermediary, please check your voting instruction form or contact your bank, broker or other financial intermediary for instructions on how to change or revoke your vote.

Voting Process.With respect to funds that are series of Putnam Variable Trust only, as of the Record Date, certain insurance companies or funds of funds sold exclusively to insurance company separate accounts and other variable insurance products (each an “Insurance Company”) were shareholders of record of each fund that is a series of Putnam Variable Trust. Each Insurance Company will vote shares of the fund or funds held by it in accordance with voting instructions received from variable annuity contract and variable life insurance policy owners (collectively, the “Contract Owners”) for whose accounts the shares are held. Accordingly, with respect to funds that are series of Putnam Variable Trust, this proxy statement is also intended to be used by each Insurance Company in obtaining these voting instructions from Contract Owners. In the event that a Contract Owner gives no instructions, the relevant

(iii) by recording later-dated voting instructions by telephone or via the Internet, or (iv) by attending the special meeting and voting in person.

Date for receipt of shareholders’ proposals for subsequent meetings of shareholders.

Your fund does not regularly hold an annual shareholder meeting, but may from time to time schedule a special meeting. Putnam Asia Pacific Equity Fund and Putnam International Value Fund last held a special meeting in 2011. Each other fund’s last special meeting was held in 2009.2009, unless the fund commenced operations after 2009, in which case it has not yet held a shareholder meeting. In accordance with the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, in order to be eligible for inclusion in the fund’s proxy statement for a meeting, a shareholder or Contract Owner proposal must be received a reasonable time before the fund prints and mails its proxy statement.

As described in more detail earlier in this proxy statement, the Board Policy and Nominating Committee of the Board of

to make a proposal fixing the number of Trustees, at the annual meeting for the 2013–2014 fiscal year must provide written notice to the fund (including all required information) so that such notice is received in good order by the fund no earlier than January 25, 2014 and no later than February 24, 2014, as was indicated in the proxy statement for the fund’s April 2013 annual meeting.

Adjournment.To the extent permitted by each fund’s Declaration of Trust and Bylaws, any meeting of shareholders may, by action of the chair of the meeting, be adjourned without further notice with respect to one or more matters to be considered at such meeting to a designated time and place, whether or not a quorum is present with respect to such matter. Upon motion of the chair of the meeting, the question of adjournment may be submitted to a vote of the shareholders, and in that case, any adjournment with respect to one or more matters must be approved by the vote of holders of a majority of the shares present and entitled to vote with respect to the matter or matters to be adjourned, to the extent permitted by each fund’s Declaration of Trust and Bylaws. If the quorum required for the special meeting has not been met, the persons named as proxies intend to propose adjournment of the meeting and to vote all shares that they are entitled to vote in favor of such adjournment. If the quorum required for the special meeting has been met, but sufficient votes in favor of one or more of Proposals 1, 3, 4, and 5 are not received by the time scheduled for the meeting, the persons named as proxies may also propose adjournment of the meeting with respect to any or all proposals in order to permit solicitation of additional proxies. The persons named as proxies will vote in favor of adjournment those proxies intend to propose adjournment of the meeting and to vote all shares that they are entitled to vote in favor of such adjournment. If the quorum required for the special meeting has been met, but sufficient votes in favor of one or more of Proposals 1, 3, 4, and 5 are not received by the time scheduled for the meeting, the persons named as proxies may also propose adjournment of the meeting with respect to any or all proposals in order to permit solicitation of additional proxies. The persons named as proxies will vote in favor of adjournment those proxies

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC.The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC, which has also been retained by Putnam Management to serve as sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of certain funds, is owned by Putnam Investments through a series of wholly-owned subsidiaries. The address of The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.

Putnam Retail Management.Putnam Retail Management, the principal underwriter for the open-end Putnam funds, is a limited partnership whose general partner (and minority owner) is Putnam Retail Management GP, Inc. and whose limited partner and majority owner is Putnam U.S. Holdings I, LLC, which is also the sole owner of Putnam Retail Management GP, Inc. and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments. The address of each of Putnam Retail Management, Putnam Retail Management GP, Inc. and Putnam U.S. Holdings I, LLC is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.

Putnam Investor Services, Inc.Putnam Investor Services, Inc. serves as your fund’s investor servicing agent. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments. The address of Putnam Investor Services, Inc. is One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.

Payments to Putnam Management or its affiliates. Appendix Jshows amounts paid to Putnam Management or its affiliates during each fund’s most recent fiscal year ended prior to October 1, 2013 for the services noted. The funds made no other material payments to Putnam Management or its affiliates during the periods shown.

Limitation of Trustee liability.Your fund’s Declaration of Trust provides that the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the fund, except if it is determined in the manner specified in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the fund or that such indemnification would relieve any officer or Trustee of any liability to the fund or its shareholders arising by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Your fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers.

Officers and other information.All of the officers of your fund are employees of Putnam Management or its affiliates or serve on the staff of the Office of the Trustees. Because of his positions with Putnam Management or its affiliates, Mr. Reynolds, as well as the other affiliated officers of your fund, will benefit indirectly from the management fees and investor servicing fees paid or allowed by your fund. In addition to Mr. Reynolds, the other officers of your fund are as follows:

Appendix A — Number of Shares Outstanding as of the Record Date 12/02/2013 to the knowledge of the funds, no person other than those listed onAppendix Lowned beneficially or of record 5% or more of any class of shares of any Putnam fund.

1 The address of each officer is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109

2 Each officer serves an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement, death or removal

3 Prior positions and/or officer appointments with the fund or the fund’s investment adviser have been omitted.

4 Officers of the fund who are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff. Compensation for these individuals is fixed by the Trustees and reimbursed to Putnam Management by the Fund.